BeeWare isn't a single tool or library - it's a collection of projects that can be used to help develop, debug and launch Python software. Each tool follows the Unix philosophy of doing one thing well. Each tool can be used in isolation, or they can be chained together to provide a rich set of programming tools.
Applications
Applications are standalone end-user application. Although applications are written in Python, this is an implementation detail - you shouldn't ever be aware of this fact. Applications are installed and run the same way as any other end-user application on your computer.
Tools
A tool is a special class of application that is installed into a Python virtual environment. Tools are used to assist when developing standalone applications, in roles from debugging and testing to packaging.
Libraries
Libraries are re-usable blocks of code that can be used in a project. Libraries will usually be installed as dependencies of tools, applications, or other libraries.
Bridges
A bridge is a combination tool & library that is used to run Python code where the CPython runtime cannot be used. The bridge provides the mechanism to run Python code in a different runtime environment.
Templates
Templates are Cookiecutter configurations to generate the boilerplate code needed to get a Python project running as an application on a particular platform.
Support
Support projects are pre-packaged bundles of compiled artefacts that are needed to run Python on a particular platform.